Multi-scale self-supervised ordinal learning for severity grading of photovoltaic defects in electroluminescence images

Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63443-wMulti-scale self-supervised ordinal learning for severity grading of photovoltaic defects in electroluminescence images

Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63443-w

Multi-scale self-supervised ordinal learning for severity grading of photovoltaic defects in electroluminescence images